Kamis, 28 April 2016

LETTER

Question


1. What is business,letter? And what is the Components Of Business Letter?
2. Explain The differences of full block style and semi block style ?
3. Give examples of full block style and semi block style!

Answer
1. Part of Business Letter and Style of Business Letter

         Business letter is a formal communication between the paper, or business and are usually sent through the Post Office or sometimes by courier. Business letter is sometimes called "mail" (as opposed to emails faster). The letter has sections namely:
1. Letter Head (Letterhead)
The identity that contains the logo, name, address and phone number of the sender of the letter.

2. Reference Line

           In the English-language letter letters usually contain forward names of executives who signed the letter, followed by a slash or colon, and then typing the name of the letter. Some companies add code or specific number based on their file system. Reference is placed on top of the above letter date.
Example: Your ref: 22 March 2004
Our Ref: BS / KF

3. Date Line (Date)

          It is part of the creation date of the letter. While the format of the date is month / day / year, for example August 30, 2012.

- Examples of writing date using British Style
   03rd April 1990
   British Style Format writing is similar to writing in Indonesian only on ordinal number    suffix added. The position of the British Style date placed on the right over the letter.
- Examples of writing date using American Style
   April 3, 1990
   Writing date using American Style is placed in the upper left the letter with the format    Month Date, Year.

4. Inside Address

              This section contains the name of receipt, jabatanya, and the company name      with the address. If you are not sure to whom (name) the letter is addressed, do not  blank, but try to use their title, such as "Director of Human Resources". Leave a gap  between the date of the recipient.

5. Attention Line

           An Alternative to place recipients.

6. Solutition (Salutation)

            In this section, the term used is "Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms. (Last name receipt) ", eg"    Dear Mr. Fathoni ". But if the name of the recipient is not dikethui, write  departementnya name, eg "Dear Director of the Department of Human Resource".  Leave a gap between the salutation to the content.
 For Business Partners who are already familiar with each other generally write with  "Dear Sue"
The use of punctuation in Salutation using British Style written without punctuation (semicolon or a comma) and the American Style use the colon.
Dear Mr Krisman => examples in British Style
Dear Mr. Krisman: => examples in American Style

7.Subject Line (Re)

             Subject to make the recipients more easily find the intent of the letter, for  example Invitation, Apology, and so forth. This is an optional part of a business letter, it  means we can stick or tidak.Penulisan subject using British Style: Subject placed  between Salutation and the contents of the letter.
 Writing subject using American Style: Subject is placed over the Salutation.

8. Body Of Letter (Contents Letter)

             The letter is where you write down what you want delivered. Paragraph in the  letter must use single spacing (single space) and the absence of separation between each  paragraph. Leave a gap between the end of the contents by the cover.

9. Complimentary Close (Salam cover)

              Part of this as a sign that your letter has been completed, usually ending with  the writing "Sincerely", "Sincerely yours", "Thank you", and so forth. Take note, There  is a comma at the end of the cover and only the first letter using capital letters. Leave a  gap of 3-4 lines between the cover with the name, which will diguankan for a signature.

10. Signature (Signature)

           Part of this is my signature, normally use black or blue ink.

11. Enclosure (Enclosure)

            If a letter containing the document or attachment other than the letter, the writer  of emotion menampilakan number of attachments, that is by using the "Enclosure  (Jumah attachment)", eg "Enclosure (6)".

12. Carbon Copy Natation (A copy of the letter).

              This section is used to inform the recipient of the letter, that the letter was also  sent to the parties who need to know the contents of the letter. CC placed on the left  bottom of the letter.


2. Business Letter (Modified Block Format)

3519 Front Street
Mount Celebres, CA 65286
October 6, 2015
Ms. agung
Accounts Payable
The Cooking Store
765 Berliner Plaza
Industrial Point, CA 68534

Dear Mr. Ryan Setiawan:

          It has come to my attention that your company, The Cooking Store has been late with paying their invoices for the past three months.
In order to encourage our customers to pay for their invoices before the due date, we have implemented a discount model where we’ll give you 2% off your invoice if you pay us within 10 days of receiving the invoice.
I hope that everything is going well for you and your company. You are one of our biggest customers, and we appreciate your business. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at (555) 555-5555.

Sincerely,
Signature
Bob,Powers

Accounts Receivable

3.  Business Letter (Semi-block Format)
3519 Front Street
Mount Celebres, CA 65286

October 6, 2015

Ms. Betty Johnson
Accounts Payable
The Cooking Store
765 Berliner Plaza
Industrial Point, CA 68534

Dear Mr. Ryan Setiawan
:

            It has come to my attention that your company, The Cooking Store has been late with paying their invoices for the past three months.
In order to encourage our customers to pay for their invoices before the due date, we have implemented a discount model where we’ll give you 2% off your invoice if you pay us within 10 days of receiving the invoice.
I hope that everything is going well for you and your company. You are one of our biggest customers, and we appreciate your business. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at (555) 555-5555.
 
3. Full Block Format

           Full block style business letters have a formal appearance, however they can be used in informal business situations as well as formal ones. If you are looking for a single format that will work well in every situation, this is a good one to use.
Notice that the following business letter format is laid out so that it is easy to read. It is also a template that is very easy to type, as there are no indents to worry about.
Full Block Format Business Letter Template.

Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date
Recipient’s Name
Company
Address
Address
Address
Dear (Recipient’s Name),

           This block format business letter template illustrates how quick and easy communications can be to type. Notice that it looks very much like the semi-block letter format, except the paragraphs are not indented. This is a format you can use for all business occasions.

        Notice that all elements in this letter are left justified. This formatting provides a crisp, modern look that many people prefer.
If you have any enclosures to include in this letter, make a note at the bottom left, a few spaces below the signature block. Just write “enclosures:” and follow up with the names of any items inside the envelope. A brochure, an application, or a copy of an invoice are some of the things you might think about including.

Sincerely,
Your First name, Last name, and Title
Modified Block Format
Modified block style business letters are less formal than full block style letters. If you are corresponding with someone you already have a good working relationship with, the modified block style letter is a good one to use.
Notice that the following business letter format is written without indents. If you prefer to use indents, try using the semi-block or modified semi-block format instead.
Modified Block Format Business Letter Template

Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date
Recipient’s Name
Company Name
Address
Address
Address
Dear (Recipient’s Name):

         This modified block business letter format looks very much like the modified semi-block letter format, except the paragraphs are not indented. Modified block letters are just a little less formal than full block letters.

         Notice that the sender’s address, the closing, the signature, and the signature block all start near the center of the page. In some cases, people who prefer to use this format begin these elements five spaces to the right of the center of the page.

         If you have any enclosures to include in this letter, make a note at the bottom left, a few spaces below the signature block. Just write “enclosures:” and follow up with the names of any items inside the envelope. A brochure, an application, or a copy of an invoice are some of the things you might think about including.
Sincerely,

Your First name, Last name, and Title

Standard Format
Standard format business letters are quite formal. Because they include an optional subject line, they are ideal for situations in which you need to create a formal response or communicate about an account number or case number.
At the bottom of this template, you’ll see something the other business letter templates don’t contain. Below the signature block are three lines of text indicating that a secretary or assistant typed the letter for the sender, that a copy was sent to another recipient, and that there are enclosures. In other business letter formats, “enclosures” is written out. In standard format, the word is abbreviated.
Standard Format Business Letter Template

Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date
Recipient’s Name
Company Name
Address
Address
Address
SUBJECT: Type the subject here and underline it.
Dear (Recipient’s Name),

          This standard business letter format looks very much like the block letter format. Notice that everything is left justified.
You will notice that this template contains some elements that are different from those in the other business letter formats on this page. First, there is a subject line. This element is optional, and can be replaced with a “RE:” line that is used to reference something specific like a previous communication or an account number. Be sure to underline this so that it stands out.

          Additionally, this template has three other elements. On the line located beneath the signature block, you will notice my initials in upper case letters. A colon separates them from my assistant’s initials, which are written in lower case letters. This indicates that my assistant typed the letter for me. If you type a standard business letter yourself, you do not need to include this element.

           Beneath the initials, you will see “cc:” followed by my business partner’s name. This indicates that I have sent a copy of this letter to my partner. If you write a letter like this one but don’t cc anyone, there’s no need to include this element.
Finally, you will notice the letters “encl” followed by a colon. This indicates that there are enclosures. Interestingly, the standard business letter is the only one in which you use “encl” instead of writing “enclosure” to show that a brochure, application, invoice, or other item(s) are enclosed. As you may have already guessed, you can skip the “encl” if you haven’t included anything with the letter in the envelope.
Sincerely,
Your First name, Last name, and Title

Jumat, 15 April 2016

16 RUMUS TENSES DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

            Kali ini saya akan membagikan 16 Rumus Tenses Agar mudah untuk di ingat dan dimengerti, sebelum melangkah lebih jauh dan lebih rumit lagi dalam bahasa inggris, tentu saja kita harus menghafal dasar yang paling mendasar dari kata maupun kalimat dalam bahasa inggris. Oleh karena itu saya akan memposting dengan bentuk table agar lebih mudah untuk dihafalkan.


           Setelah anda mempelajari berbagai tenses yang ada, belum lengkap rasanya jika anda belum menguji sejauh mana pemahaman yang anda dapatkan. tenses ini sangat penting sekali dalam bahasa inggris, jadi sudah tepat jika anda mencoba untuk selalu menguji kemampuan dan pemahaman yang telah anda dapatkan sebelumnya. Berkaitan dengan kebutuhan anda tersebut, postingan ini dibuat untuk memenuhi dan mencoba menyediakan contoh-contoh soal tenses bahasa inggris yang nantinya dapat anda gunakan untuk melatih dan menguji kemampuan dan pemahaman kalian semuanya. Contoh soal tenses ini sudah teruji kualitasnya sehingga bisa dibilang sudah dapat mewakili semua tenses bahasa inggris yang ada, diantaranya present tense, past tense, future tense, dan past future tense.

Petunjuk Mengerjakan

           Contoh soal tenses yang akan saya berikan ini berjumlah 13 butir soal, bentuk soal semuanya pilihan ganda. Selain itu, contoh soal juga dilengkapi dengan jawaban yang benar serta pembahasannya, sehingga hal tersebut akan mengoreksi dan menjelaskan jawaban yang anda berikan sebelumnya. Dalam mengerjakan soal, anda diharuskan untuk mengubah soal menjadi tense tertentu. Misalkan, soal bertense simple present, mungkin anda akan diminta untuk mengubahnya menjadi simple past, future continuous, atau ke dalam tense lainnya.

          Terdapat dua media soal yang tersedia, media interaktif dan manual. Saya rekomendasikan menggunakan media interaktif agar lebih nyaman dan mudah, namun jika internet anda lelet sehingga loading media interaktif lama, maka kerjakan soal secara manual pada bagian bawah artikel ini.

Soal Tenses Bahasa Inggris – Manual

1. The teachers will teach them Grammar. (ubah ke present continuous tense)
  • a. The teachers are teaching them Grammar.
  • b. The teachers is teaching them Grammar.
2. All of my friends bring oxford dictionaries. (ubah ke past perfect tense)
  • a. All of my friends had brought oxford dictionaries.
  • b. All of my friends have brought oxford dictionaries.
3. The old women had brought many apples. (ubah ke present perfect tense)
  • a. The old women has brought many apples.
  • b. The old women have brought many apples.
4. The thief has stolen much money in the bank. (ubah ke future perfect continuous tense)
  • a. The thief will have been stealing much money in the bank.
  • b. The thief will have been stolen much money in the bank.
5. The police caught those robbers. (ubah ke present continuous tense)
  • a. The police are catching those robbers.
  • b. The police is catching those robbers.
 6. The mice took Agus’s cheese in the kitchen. (ubah ke pas future continuous)
  • a. The mice would been taking Agus’s cheese in the kitchen.
  • b. The mice would be taking Agus’ cheese in the kitchen.
7. Agus and I do a great job. (ubah ke past continuous tense)
  • a. Agus and I was doing a great job.
  • b. Agus and I were doing a great job.
8. After graduating, Dea will found an English course. (ubah ke past future perfect tense)
  • a. After graduating, Dea will have founded an English course.
  • b. After graduating, Dea would have founded an English course.
9. The scientist has mixed the formula. (ubah ke simple present tense)
  • a. The scientist mixes the formula.
  • b. The scientist mix the formula.
10. They have been in the class. (ubah ke simple past tense)
  • a. They were been in the class.
  • b. They were in the class.
11. The geese swam in the river. (ubah ke present perfect continuous tense)
  • a. The geese have been swimming in the river.
  • b. The geese has been swimming in the river.
12. Mathematics will be the most difficult subject. (ubah ke simple present tense)
  • a. Mathematics are the most difficult subject.
  • b. Mathematics is the most difficult subject.
13. Budi’s teeth were better. (ubah ke future perfect tense)
  • a. Budi’s teeth will have been better.
  • b. Budi’s teeth will have be better.
Jawaban + Penjelasan

1(A) Rumus yang digunakan present continuous tense adalah S + Is/am/are Verb.ing.              penggunaan is/am/are tergantung dengan subjeknya, dan subjek The teachers adalah subjek yang menggunakan “are”.
2(A)Past perfect tense menggunakan rumus S + Had + Verb3, jadi apapun subjeknya akan menggunakan had, dan verb3 dari bring adalah brought. Pilihan B adalah present perfect tense.
3(B)Rumus yang digunakan present perfect tense adalah S + Have/has + Verb3. Penggunaan have atau has tergantung dengan subjeknya, dan subjek the old women menggunakan have karena subjek jamak (tunggalnya the old woman)
4(A)Rumus yang digunakan adalah S + Will/shall + Have + Been + Verb.ing. Kata stolen merupakan verb3 dari kata steal, jadi verb.ing dari steal adalah stealing. Dan apapun subjeknya tetap menggunakan have been. Sedangkan will dapat digunakan untuk semua subjek, namun shall hanya bisa digunakan oleh subjek “I” dan “we” saja.
5(A)Rumus present continuous tense adalah S + Is/am/are + Verb.ing. Dan seperti yang saya jelaskan sebelumnya bahwa penggunaan is/am/are tergantung dengan subjeknya, dan subjek the police menggunakan are karena jamak (tunggalnya the police man dan the police woman). Berhati-hatilah dalam menentukan apakah subjek itu jamak atau tunggal, karena tidak semua jamak terdapat akhiran “s”.
6(B)Rumus yang digunakan adalah S + Would/should + Be + Verb.ing, jadi disini tidak menggunakan been.
7(B)Rumus yang digunakan adalah S + Was/were + Verb.ing. Penggunaan was atau were juga tergantung dengan subjek, dan jelas subjek agus and I adalah jamak sehingga menggunakan were.
8(B)Rumus yang digunakan adalah S + Would/should + Have + Verb3, jadi disini will tidak digunakan.
9(A)Rumus yang digunakan dalam simple present tense adalah S + Verb1 atau S + to be + Non verb. Penggunaan akhiran s/es pada verb digunakan untuk subjek tertentu, seperti he, she, it, boy, girl, Dina, Budi, dan lain-lain termasuk juga the scientist.
10(B)Rumus simple past tense adalah S + Verb2 atau S + Was/were + Non verb. Jadi disini been tidak digunakan.
11(A)Rumus yang digunakan adalah S + Have/has + Been + Verb.ing. Dan subjek the geese menggunakan have.
12(B)Subjek mathematics (tunggal, walau terdapat akhiran s karena pada umumnya nama pelajaran terdapat tambahan s) dan tentu saja menggunakan is.
13(A)Rumus yang digunakan dalam future perfet tense adalah S + Will + Have + Verb3. Been adalah verb3 dari be, jadi yang digunakan adalah been, bukan be.

Jumat, 25 Maret 2016

Explain The Differences Between TOEFL And TOEIC







TOEFL

·         Understanding The History  And  TOEFL


            TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is the standardization of one's English ability in writing (de jure) which covers four aspects of mastery: Listening, Writing and Reading. The test was developed and organized by ETS (Educational Testing Service) a non-profit organization based in the United States and was first held in 1964. The TOEFL scoring system uses a conversion of each correct answer. TOEFL score of the highest attainable person is 675.

           Toefl previously named CAL (Center for Applied Linguistics) based in Washington DC and founded in 1959.CAL is a non-profit committed to researching the  relationship between language and the first budaya.Direktur CAL namely Charles A.Ferguson (1921-1998) who had been a a professor at the University Hardvard.Ferguson guided the center makes a practical solution of the development of the language the initial project Ferguson is the development of tests that will measure command language ESL (English-as-a-Second-Language) students and employees government. Ferguson and researchers developed the TOEFL test during the first five    years CAL.Toefl was first taken up by the center in 1964.

           An international testing standards organization have been managing the TOEFL test the  ETS (Educational Testing Service). According to ETS, between 1964 and 2008,    24 million people, mostly international students, have taken the test. Introduced in   2005, the internet based test format has replaced the computer-based and paper-based, with the results of computer-based orders are no longer applicable in 2006.

·        TOEFL Test Objectives

            Academic test is used for educational purposes, research or related academic activities abroad, or in Indonesia. To graduate, usually a minimum value is 550, whereas for S1 is 500, but it is also used for the purpose of employment, promotions or job assignments. Many companies that install the default English employees to see the value of TOEFL - her. Generally, a minimum TOEFL score is 500 for the promotion of standards.

1.     How is the relationship of scores obtained by one's level of English proficiency?
In general we know the three levels of mastery of foreign languages, namely the Basic Level (Elementary), Intermediate (Intermediate), and Advanced (Advanced). TOEFL score, linguists usually classify this score into the following four levels (Carson, et al., 1990):

A.         Basic Rate (Elementary): 310 s.d. 420\
B.     Lower Intermediate (Low Intermediate): 420 s.d. 480
C.    The level of SMA (High Intermediate): 480 s.d. 520
D.         Advanced (Advanced): 525 677 s.d

     By knowing the classification level of mastery of the English language as seen above, we can certainly understand that it is a good reason why universities in countries that use English as its official language, requires a certain TOEFL score for prospective international students. To be accepted in the program S1, a score that generally they charge is around 475 s.d. 550, while for incoming S2 and S3 TOEFLnya score requirements higher, about 550 s.d. 600.

     Several universities in Indonesia have established a certain TOEFL score for its students (Huda, 1999). In conjunction with efforts to improve the quality of college graduates, the regulations require that a college student has mastery of TOEFL at a certain level is expected to have a positive impact and should be supported. Good command of English is expected to improve the ability to think and work on a global level, a condition of employment in the future we need to prepare from now.
 

2.    How to improve TOEFL

A.  Following the TOEFL Preparation courses and / or IELTS Preparation held by institutions of courses in your city
B.    Purchase of books TOEFL / IELTS are widely available in bookstores. Learn the material well. Listen and mastered all tips and tricks. Rest assured, no longer TOEFL / IELTS you will go up.
C.   Download the book TOEFL / IELTS in internal



TOEFL

         Directions : Question 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see for words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). You are to choose one word or phrase that best complete the sentence.


1. The committee has met twice and ....
    A. they reached a final decision
    B. a final decision was reached
    C. its decision was reached
    D. it has reached a final decision


2. The manager won't be able to attend the shareholders' meeting tomorrow because....
    A. he must to give a lecture
    B. he will be giving a lecture
    C. of he will give lecture
    D. he will have giving a lecture






      TOEIC


  History and Understanding TOEIC


              Educational Test Service® (ETS®), an organization devoted himself to educational measurement and research in educational policy and psychometrics, designing and creating the TOEIC test in 1979 on request of Japanese business leaders. Over the years, the TOEIC test is adopted by many other countries and is quickly becoming the global standard for the determination of the ability to speak English at work-related context. The Chauncey Group International Ltd., a subsidiary of ETS, develop and publish the TOEIC test. The Chauncey Group International is a company that specializes in testing of professional licensing exams and certification of skills and progress in the workplace. The Chauncey Group International Headquarters is located in Princeton, New Jersey, USA; its European office (Chauncey Group Europe SA) is located in Paris, France.

             During this time, it must be recognized turns Test Of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL) is not enough to be used as a parameter in measuring the level of English language ability and maturity of someone. Therefore, each place and how different regions judgment. Thus, the necessary suatua same standard in order to measure the level of keakuratannnya. One of them through the Test Of English for International Communication (TOEIC) is an international standard.

         TOEIC is an abbreviation for Test of English for International Communication.  The TOEIC test is an English proficiency test for people whose native language is not English. TOEIC test scores indicate how well people can communicate in  English with others in the global workplace. The test does not require specialized knowledge or vocabulary, this test only measures the kind of English used in everyday activities.

          The TOEIC test is a test of English language proficiency prominent in the world in the context of the global work environment. More than 4,000 companies around the world taking the TOEIC test, and more than 2 million people registered to take the test every tahun.TOEIC ETS has been held for 25 years around the world. "In Indonesia, the TOEIC test was introduced in 1999," said E. Julivan Rondonuwu of PT International Test Center, ETS representative in  Indonesia.


The format of the TOEIC test 

          The TOEIC test is a multiple choice test, paper and pencil for two hours consisting of 200 questions divided into two separately timed sections: Part I: Listening Comprehension 

This section consists of 100 questions and is divided into four parts. Test participants heard a recording of statements, questions, short conversations, and a brief explanation, then answer questions based on segments hear. Overall Hearing Comprehension section takes approximately 45 minutes.

                        Part 1: Photographs                                         20 items (4- choice)
                        Part 2: Questions and Response                     30 items (3-choice)
                        Part 3: Short Conversations                            30 items (4-choice)
                        Part 4: Short Talks                                          20 items (4-choice)


Reading section consists of 100 questions presented in written format in the test booklet. Participants read a variety of materials and answer questions based on their own speed corresponding to the reading material itself. Overall passage requires 75 minutes.

Part 5: Incomplete Sentences            40 items (4-choice)
Part 6: Error Recognition                  20 items (4-choice)
Part 7: Reading Comprehension        40 items (4-choice)


           Participants answered questions by marking one of the letters (A), (B), (C), (D) with a pencil on a separate answer. Although the actual testing time is approximately two hours of additional time required participants to complete the biographical questions on the answer sheet and to respond to a brief questionnaire about their educational and work history.


  TOEIC test ratings  


           Each candidate uses a pencil to mark the answers on the answer sheet. Score is determined by the number of questions answered correctly. The number of correct responses on the Listening Comprehension and Reading Sections (Listening and Reading Comprehension section) is converted to a number on a scale of 5 to 495. By adding these two sections will be obtained a total score based on a scale that ranges from 10 to 990. No reduction for wrong answers.

          TOEIC score starting from the number 400 to 990. There are six levels of the level 0/0 + Novice (score 10-250), level 1 Elementary (score 255-400), Intermediate level 1+ (score 405-600), level 2 Basic Working Proficiency (score 605-780), Advance Working profiency 2+ level (a score of 785-900) and level 3/3+General Professional Proficiency (score 905-990).

            An ordinary job candidates must have a minimum TOEIC score of 400. While a prospective manager must have a minimum TOEIC score of 800. A person who has a TOEIC score 405-600, for example, in listening able to understand explanations related to the daily routine tasks, understand announcements during the trip and mengusai limited social conversations. In terms of speaking able to explain the responsibilities of work and academic background as well as discussions about the project in the past and the future. Whereas in the case of reading still need a dictionary to understand technical documents. And lastly in terms of writing people who have an intermediate level that is able to write short memos, letters of complaint and fill out a simple application form


 TOEIC test takers and Users

TOEIC test takers include: 

People who use English in a variety of everyday working atmosphere, such as commerce, hotels, hospitals, restaurants, the aircraft industry, international meetings, conventions, and sports activities 

· Managerial employees, sales, and technical on international business, trade and industry where English proficiency is required 

· People whose professional training will be conducted in English. 

· People who want to have a measure of English proficiency that is internationally recognized for a resume or curriculum vitae.



TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication)
Listening

1. Ms. Morikawa has worked here for a long time, hasn’t she?
(A) At three o’clock
(B) No, I’ve lost my watch
(C) More than ten years

2. Which of this paper has a wider circulation?
(A) The morning edition
(B) Get more exercise
(C) By messenger